This investigation used evolutionary theory and social learning theory to predict sex differences in human aggression. One hundred fifteen students estimated their frequency of aggression in the following contexts: (a) compete to attract members of the opposite sex, (b) co-opt resources from others, and (c) negotiate status hierarchies. We assessed aggression type in 3 categories: direct physical, direct verbal, and indirect. We determined sex role by using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1978). The social model predicts that men will engage more frequently than women in all types of aggression. The evolutionary model predicts that men and women will engage in similar frequencies of total aggression but differ in the type they use; our data supported this prediction. These endings were more consistent with the evolutionary model, indicating that this theory provides a sound basis for predicting and understanding sex differences in aggression.

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